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The Scottish seafood industry is a thriving business employing 15，000 people and with a long, proud heritage and tradition. It is constantly developing and adapting to face the challenges and meet the demand of the market. The present-day industry has a fleet of modem vessels and processing factories which are investing heavily in innovative technology and improved handling techniques to ensure the Scottish seafood on your plate is second to none in terms of quality. Over 60 different species are landed around Scotland’s 4，000 kilometers of beautiful clean coastline, with landings of more than 400，000 tons each year, making Scotland one of the largest seafood producers in Europe. Scotland also has a flourishing aquaculture sector producing a wealth of top quality salmon and shellfish from the sheltered sea and freshwater lochs of the remote areas in the Highlands and Islands. The Scottish seafood is the result of tradition and innovation， best practice and a lot of hard work. It’s a quality product that is enjoyed not only across the UK but all around the world, and we are keen to produce for the discerning Chinese consumer. The aim of this mission is to introduce Scottish seafood companies to Chinese buyers， agents and officials, and to foster new working relationships and develop potential business opportunities with you. Led by Seafood Scotland and Scottish Development International， agencies that work with the Scottish seafood industry to help them increase their profitability and competitiveness, we want to use today as an opportunity to start this process.

Every year， on the 17th of March, Ireland would celebrate a special day called Saint Patrick’s Day. Saint Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland who brought Christianity to this country in the 5th century. When the day comes， people in Ireland would paint their faces. Some would draw shamrocks or the Irish flag on their faces to look cool. Celebrations of Saint Patrick’s Day are themed around everything Irish, wearing green， eating Irish food, drinking Irish stout and attending parades. The Saint Patrick’s Day parade has a long history and is quite a spectacle. It is a five-day festival. In Dublin， the capital of Ireland, the 2009 parade attracted over 675，000 people. There are not only bands, but also clowns and acrobats in the parade. You may see a lot of bandwagons going through the streets with people on them playing Irish music and doing Irish dancing. A lot of people from different countries come to Ireland to join in the celebrations and have a good time. For those who have come to Ireland for the first time， the parade is a must yon shouldn’t miss. Lots of people dress up for the parade. Some dress as spirits in Irish folklore, wearing colorful clothes and fancy hats. In the evening， people go to the pub to listen to Irish music and drink black beer. There is also a huge firework display on the river that attracts thousands of people. Saint Patrick’s Day is celebrated worldwide by those of Irish descent. However, in New Zealand， Australia, and North America， more and more non-Irish people start to celebrate this great festival.

There is a lot of difference between the East and the West when it comes to leadership and authority. In the West， leadership often tends to be task-focused and straightforward. East Asian managers, however， tend to focus more on determining who is awarded a role or task. In the East, the personal relationship often determines who gets to do what. In the traditional East Asian culture， the boss is all-powerful and the organizational hierarchy is a critical element of managing an organization or business. As a boss, you are expected to know all the answers and be the source of clear direction. In the East， people expect the boss to instruct and lead at all times, and staff will wait for that instruction and thus be heavily dependent on the boss. This means that people lower down the organization tend to take less initiative and ownership. This is a behavior that might be viewed by some Western managers as avoiding responsibility. Titles are also very important. First names are not appropriate and people use formal titles to address the boss， thus formality and respect must be observed. As many people might already know, managing conflict in public or at open meetings is largely avoided in the East. In East Asia， losing face is a major taboo. It is viewed as something quite shameful. Addressing difficult problems at an open meeting that results in someone being criticized is a big mistake. That is not to say that East Asian managers do not have conflicts with each other. Rather they will deal with any conflicts in private and in a confidential manner. At open meetings, East Asian managers are likely to be indirect and reserved. They will handle differences in a soft and circuitous way. In the West you tend to be quite happy to address problems at an open forum. It is often viewed as a positive experience. Conflict is often dealt with in an open and direct way， that is, where problems occur， they are frequently dealt with head on.

If you want to run a company well， you should remember that there are four general policies to follow with employees. First, pay them what they are worth. When people begin with your company， they are rarely worth what they are paid, because you are investing in their future productivity. You should pay people low at the start， with higher payments once they are established and productive. And be open about the monetary value of the additional perks they get. Second, you should make employees feel important. Build them positively and openly when praise is deserved. Temper this with negative motivation， pointing out where minor shortcomings are diluting the success that could be enjoyed. Avoid complacency by keeping employees slightly off-balance. Third, make employees think for themselves. Sometimes by being nonspecific， you create the environment where employees adapt other ideas and learn how to apply them in the new situation. Fourth, separate office life from social life. It is impossible to let your hair down with someone one night， and come down hard on them the next day. You should also remember that if you have to fire employees, take a creative approach. Try to find a job for them somewhere else， and let the other company steal them away. However, if extreme action is called for， act decisively while respecting the feelings of the employee. Never expect from your employees anything that you are not willing to do yourself. It’s more than a cliché —it is sound business practice.

Some of Castrol’s most notable successes in recent years have been in the developing nations of Asia where Castrol reaps only one-sixth of its sales， but over one-quarter of its operating profits. As elsewhere, Castrol has adopted a premium pricing strategy in Vietnam， which is consistent with the company’s attempt to build a global brand image of high quality. Castrol oil costs about $1.5 per liter in Vietnam, about three times as much as the price of cheaper oil imported from Taiwan and Thailand. Despite the high price of its product， Castrol claims it is gaining share in Vietnam as its branding strategy wins converts. Castrol has had to tailor its distribution strategy to Vietnam’s unique conditions. In most countries where it operates, Castrol divides the country into regions and has a single distributor in each region. In Vietnam， however, Castrol will often have two distinct distributors in a region-one to deal with state-owned customers and one to deal with private customers. Castrol acknowledges the system is costly， but says it is the only way to operate in a country where there is still some tension between state and private entities.

I am delighted that we are once again celebrating the achievements of our colleagues together. Our annual University Awards recognize and honor the best in our community. Some have excelled in educating students. Some have scaled new heights in research while others have served the country with distinction. Each of our winners has scaled impressive heights. Your endeavors have helped raise the standing of our university. Your achievements have made a contribution to our country. We take pride in your achievements. Is there a formula to achieving excellence？ Can excellence be measured by determining one’s achievements and contributions? In this age， we tend to measure things quantitatively. But how do we grade excellence? If there should be a formula. I would like to mention the two Ps and two Cs here. The two Ps refer to Perspiration and Perseverance. The two Cs are Curiosity and Courage. All these make up the quintessential qualities in our quest for excellence. Today l would like to focus on the quality of curiosity. Curiosity， or what Einstein called a child-like sense of wonder, makes us question things that others normally do not even notice. The great French novelist Anatole France， Nobel laureate in Literature, ad this to say：”The whole art of teaching is only the art of awakening the natural curiosity of your minds…”The teacher’s role is to draw our students’ curiosity, to inspire them， to make them see the world with fresh perspectives, and to lead them to ask different and interesting questions. Curiosity is also a powerful force that drives research. The researcher sustains his or her joy in knowledge and creative expression and follows a child-like curiosity， leading him to untrodden paths of discovery. As Einstein put it. “I am neither especially clever nor especially gifted. I am only very, very curious.” Therefore， at the core of the best universities is an intellectual method that encourages questioning. The skepticism towards existing wisdom leads to new ways of thinking, and breakthroughs in knowledge. Deepening this spirit of enquiry is the most important challenge for our universities

When 10 new countries join the European Union on 1 May， they bring with them an extra nine languages to add to the EU’s existing 11. There could even be 10 new tongues, for if Greek and Turkish Cypriots vote for reunification before then， Turkish will become the EU’s 21st language. How will it cope? Even with 20， Europe’s tower of Babel is creaking. Twenty languages gives a total of 380 possible combinations(English-German, French-Czech， Finnish-Portuguese, etc)， and finding any human being who speaks, for example， both Greek and Estonian or Slovene and Lithuanian is well-nigh impossible. To get round this problem, the parliament will use much more “relay translation”， where a speech is interpreted first into one language and then into another and perhaps into a fourth or fifth. Clearly the scope for mistakes in this game of Chinese whispers is huge. The European Commission’s need for translation already takes away the cut and thrust of a normal parliamentary debate. When the Italian Prime Minister, Silvio Bedusconi， likened a German MEP to a Nazi camp guard, it took several seconds before the German realized he was being insulted and pulled off his headphones in disgust. But the rule is that every language must be provided. The European Commission already has 1，300 translators, who process 1.5 million pages a year in the EU’s 11 languages. In two years that is expected to rise to almost 2.5 million pages-and the staff， based in two enormous buildings in Brussels and Luxembourg, will almost double in size to cope with the output. The cost will rise from roughly 550 million euros today to over 800 million euros after enlargement.

Cultural exchange is thus one important dimension in our relations with China. Our cultural relations go back to 1963， when Norway was the first country in the Western world to sign a cultural agreement with China. During recent years, an active cultural exchange has taken place to the benefit of the people of our two countries. Increased contacts and exchange make us realize we need more insight into the many aspects of your culture： your history, art history， philosophy and not least the Chinese language. We wish to increase our knowledge about the great cultures of Asia which gave the world major religions, philosophical thoughts and the most advanced civilisations. I am convinced that the programme of cooperation， which was signed earlier this week, will be instrumental in increasing that knowledge. It is a renewed commitment to the cultural dialogue between our two countries， and it is a framework to be filled with substance. It is important that Chinese-Norwegian relations are not shaped only by governments, but also by cultural institutions and organisations， universities, private groups and individuals. Finally， I would like to propose a toast to a bright future for China and for the friendship and cultural cooperation between China and Norway.

Ladies and gentlemen， As you all know, the UK is among the world leaders in recruiting international students. There were over 400，000 international students enrolled in UK higher education institutions from 2008 to 2009. Of these, 60，000 were Chinese students. They represent the largest number of international students in the United Kingdom, around 14 percent. In addition， UK education is becoming more convenient and accessible for Chinese students. That means there are now more opportunities available for Chinese students to receive UK qualifications here in China. It is because we have set up many joint Programs between UK universities and Chinese universities. There are more than 37, 000 Chinese students studying for their UK qualifications in these joint programs. As international students from 14 percent of the full-time student population in the UK and 43 percent at research postgraduate level， they have contributed to the UK education system and economy. They enrich UK culture, provide a valuable international dimension to our education institutions and add value to the global study environment. Chinese students， in particular, are amongst the top academic performers and have done a lot for! Scholarly exchange and academic research and development within the UK education industry. International students have also enriched UK society in many ways by deepening our awareness and understanding of other cultures， and likewise deepening others’ awareness and understanding of our own. The relationships that we develop can last forever and often provide the potential for greater educational, cultural and scientific exchange， as well as greater trade, investment and political cooperation.

Ladies and gentlemen， I extend a cordial welcome to you to one of the world’s most famous schools of higher learning. This is the first time we welcome a group of students from the People’s Republic of China, and we are pleased to have the opportunity of receiving you and learning from you about your great country. You have chosen to study at the London School of Economics and Political Science， which is one of the colleges of London University. I think you have made the right choice because the LSE is a world-renowned college that has produced many outstanding personalities both in Britain and abroad. Whatever your course is, I’m sure you’ll learn to make the most out of student life in your college， in the school, in the University or in the capital as a whole. As a student in London you’ll have all possible advantages in furthering not only your academic career but also your education in life. You will come to realize that your studies themselves are only part of the educational process， your personal relationships, social consciousness and political philosophy will all mature during your time at the University. We are organizing a Freshers’ Festival at the beginning of October which you are all invited to attend. Do come and enjoy yourselves--at the gathering you will find that there are a lot of interesting activities going on at the school. There is even a Chinese Society by the way， and you will make some new friends there. I do hope that you all settle in well in the school and enjoy your life in London. Thank you.

Good morning. It’s wonderful to be here at Tsinghua University. Thank you so much for coming out to say hello to me. I just want to say a couple of things by way of opening and then you can ask me questions. UK is now the No.1 destination for overseas students from China. We got double the number of Chinese students as the United States of America. And that is a measure of how much collaboration now is between universities like Tsinghua and universities in Britain. The thing that surprised me most being back in Beijing is just the amount of change in China. And I think for the future the relationship between my country， the UK, and China is going to be very important. In the next couple of decades， you will become the greatest economy in the world 1.3 billion people! How you develop both economically and politically as a country is going to have a colossal impact on the whole of the world. We need to make sure that countries like mine in the Europe, countries like the U.S.， and countries like China are working closely together. So we’ve got so much work that we can do together. You students here are the future of China. The decisions you take, and the way that you take them， is going to impact the whole of the world. You will be the leaders of this country in the years to come, and how you lead， and the values with which you lead, will make a difference even in my own country to the citizens there. That’s all I want to say by way of opening. Now let’s have your questions.

Free-choice learning is the type of learning guided by a person’s needs and interests. As the world transitions from an industry society to an information society， learning across the lifespan becomes increasingly important. Adults and children are spending more and more of their time learning, not just in classrooms or on the job， but through free—choice learning at home, after work and on weekends. Free—choice learning is an essential component of lifelong learning. Surfing the Internet， participating in book discussion groups, watching nature documentaries on television， checking out books at the library or visiting museums with friends and family all encompass what is known as the “free-choice learning”. Free-choice learning is the most common type of learning that people engage in. It is self-directed, voluntary， and guided by an individual’s needs and interests. It is amazingly efficient and effective learning. This is because people have control over what and how they learn, and because they can choose to learn in appropriate and supportive contexts. For example， if they want to learn about art, they can go to an art museum or borrow a book on art from the library. If they want to learn about nature， they can go to a regional or national park. Access to quality free—choice learning should not be a privilege of the affluent but a right of all citizens. There is evidence that when provided the opportunity, economically and socially disadvantaged populations would equally utilize and benefit from free—choice learning. Any public education reform effort that does not embrace the benefits of free-choice learning is incomplete. Education reform should not just be about children’s learning but the general public as a whole.

Dear friends， Water is essential for human health and well being. Water also helps to reduce poverty. Without water, there would be no life on this planet. Although water covers about two-thirds of the Earth’s surface， only 2.5% of the world’s water is drinkable. Many millions of people around the world face water shortages. Many millions of children die every year from water-borne diseases. And drought regularly afflicts some of the world’s poorest countries. The world needs to respond much better. We need to increase water efficiency, especially in agriculture. We need to free women and gifts from the daily chore of carrying water， often over great distances. We must involve them in decision-making on water management. We need to make sanitation a priority. This is where progress is needed most. And we must show that water resources need not be a source of conflict. Instead, they can call for cooperation. Significant gains have been made. But a major effort is still required. That is why this year marks the beginning of the “Water for Life” Decade. Our goal is to meet the internationally agreed targets for water and sanitation by 2015， and to build the foundation for further progress in the years beyond. This is an urgent matter of human development, and human dignity. Together， we can provide safe, clean water to all the world’s people. The world’s water resources are our lifeline for survival， and for sustainable development in the 21st century. Together, we must manage them better. Thank you.

Dear colleagues， ladies and gentlemen, Good morning! I would like to take this opportunity to brief you on the findings of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment （MA） Synthesis Report. The MA Report is conducted by 1，300 experts from 95 countries. It is the first in a series of seven synthesis reports that assess the state of global ecosystems and their impact on human well-being. It specifically states that the ongoing degradation of the ecosystem is a roadblock to the Millennium Development Goals agreed to by the world leaders at the United Nations in 2000. According to the research findings, human beings have changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively in the last 50 years than in any other period. This was done largely to meet rapidly growing demands for food， fresh water, timber， fiber and fuel. More land was converted to agriculture since 1945 than in the 18th and 19th centuries combined, which resulted in a largely irreversible loss in diversity of life on Earth. Ecosystem changes that have contributed substantial net gains in human well-being and economic development have been achieved at growing costs in the form of degradation of ecological systems. Environmental problems， if unaddressed, would greatly diminish the benefits for future generations. The conclusion is that it lies within the power of human societies to ease the strains we are putting on the nature， while continuing to use them to bring better living standards to all. Achieving this, however， will require radical changes in the way nature is treated at every level of decision- making and new ways of cooperation between government, business and civil society. The warning signs are there for us to see. The future now lies in our hands.

As freshwater becomes increasingly scarce due to population growth and urbanization， the use of wastewater in agriculture, aquaculture and in other areas will increase. In some cases， wastewater is the only water resource available to poor, subsistence-level farming communities. Although there are benefits to using wastewater in agriculture， uncontrolled use of wastewater frequently is associated with significant negative human health impacts. These health impacts can be minimized when good management practices are implemented. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture need to find the right balance between maximizing public health benefits and still allowing for the beneficial use of scarce resources. Guidelines need to be adaptable to the local social, economic and environmental conditions and should be co-implemented with other health interventions such as provision of adequate drinking water and sanitation. Whose guidelines put forward in 1989 have had a major impact on the rational reuse of wastewater in countries worldwide. These guidelines are currently under revision with expected publication in 2009.

I see a very clear link here between British science， the development of British universities and the technological revolution. A couple of weeks ago, I had a presentation at Downing Street from some of our leading scientists. It covered fields such as nanotechnology， brain transmitters and the latest in IT. The potential in all cases was immense, for industrial production， medicine and communications. The connection between top quality scientific research and business spin-offs and development was obvious. And in the end, of course， it is business managers or public service reformers that will apply the technology in new ways. The point I am making is this. Part of winning this IT battle for the future is to create a culture in which the worlds of education, academia， science, technology and business are engaged in a perpetual conversation and exchange of views. A conversation in which we are breaking new ground in scientific and technological advance， in which our schools and universities feel comfortable with its potential; in which business and society are naturally looking for ways of applying the advances made. There are now 600 million people online. Worldwide 140，000 more people connect to the net every day. In the last three decades the price of a transatlantic phone call has fallen to a small fraction of its original level. In the same period, just as Intel’s Gordon Moore predicted， computing power has doubled every eighteen months to two years. A 3G handset, soon to be on sale in every high street in the UK， has around 20, 000 times more computing power than the Apollo 11 spacecraft. Recently， we witnessed an incredible moment when scientists at MIT in the US and UCL in London teamed up to pull off the first transatlantic virtual handshake. Using second-generation Internet technology, they recreated the sense of touch over a 3，000-mile distance—a remarkable development that could have applications for areas as diverse as medicine and design.

A little airplane has given new meaning to the term “going hyper”. The Hyper-X recently broke the record for jet planes when it traveled at a hypersonic speed of seven times the speed of sound. That’s about 5，000 miles per hour. At this speed, you’d get around the world-flying along the equator-in less than 5 hours. The Hyper-X is an unmanned， experimental aircraft just 12 feet long. It achieves hypersonic speed using a special sort of engine known as a scramjet. It may sound like something from a comic book, but engineers have been experimenting with scramjets since the 1960s. For an engine to burn fuel and produce energy， it needs oxygen. A jet engine, like those on passenger airplanes， gets oxygen from the air. A rocket engine typically goes faster but has to carry its own supply of oxygen. A scramjet engine goes as fast as a rocket, but it doesn’t have to carry its own oxygen supply. A scramjet’s special design allows it to extract oxygen from the air that flows through the engine. And it does so without letting the fast-moving air put out the combustion flames. However， a scramjet engine works properly only at speeds greater than five times the speed of sound. A booster rocket carried the Hyper-X to an altitude of about 100, 000 feet for its test flight. The aircraft’s record-beating flight lasted just 11 seconds. In the future， engineers predict, airplanes equipped with scramjet engines could transport cargo quickly and cheaply to the brink of space. Hypersonic airliners could carry passengers anywhere in the world in just a few hours.

下面你将听到的是一段有关废水利用和健康的讲话。 As freshwater becomes increasingly scarce due to population growth and urbanization， the use of wastewater in agriculture, aquaculture and in other areas will increase. In some cases， wastewater is the only water resource available to poor, subsistence-level farming communities. Although there are benefits to using wastewater in agriculture， uncontrolled use of wastewater frequently is associated with significant negative human health impacts. These health impacts can be minimized when good management practices are implemented. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture need to find the right balance between maximizing public health benefits and still allowing for the beneficial use of scarce resources. Guidelines need to be adaptable to the local social, economic and environmental conditions and should be co-implemented with other health interventions such as provision of adequate drinking water and sanitation. Whose guidelines put forward in 1989 have had a major impact on the rational reuse of wastewater in countries worldwide. These guidelines are currently under revision with expected publication in 2009.

Elvis Aron Presley， born in Tupelo, Mississippi in 1935， could well claim to be the 20th century’s most famous entertainer. His combination of white country and Western music with black rhythm and blues gave the 50s teenage generation music they could identify with. But like so many 20th century idols, Presley was becoming a victim of the fame he had attracted. Under pressure from his domineering manager， Colonel Tom Parker, he embarked on a series of comparatively mediocre films. By the 1970s， Presley was reduced to singing tearful ballads in night clubs in Las Vegas. Presley died in 1977 at his home in Memphis, which had been the center of his musical word for most of his short life. He had been destroyed by drink， fast food and fast living. To this day, Presley’s home is a shrine to his memory， a measure of the impact he had on his contemporaries. Each year, thousands of sightseers visit the Presley Museum in Tennessee to get a closer view of what it was like to be the undisputed idol of so many people for so many years.

Hello. I’m Earl Powell， director of the National Gallery. I’m delighted you decided to join us today and I hope that my introduction will make your experience here a richer one. This national art gallery was established in 1938 by the United States Congress, with funds for construction and a substantial art collection donated by Andrew Mellon. Mr. Mellon was a financier and art collector. During the 1920s， he began collecting with the intention of forming a gallery of art for the nation in Washington. In 1987, the year of his death， he promised his collection to the United States. Funds for the construction of the West Building were provided by a foundation set up by Mr. Mellon. The Gallery covers a wide variety of works from our permanent collection, including many of our best-loved paintings. They range from the 15th through the early 20th centuries. When you find an object you would like to hear about， you may hear my voice or the voices of other experts here at the National Gallery, the people who know these works best of all. Right now we are standing in the lobby of the West Building with its big circular foundation. When the National Gallery opened in 1941， this was its only building. It was really the greatest neo-classical structure built in the United States and it is certainly one of the most majestic. Over the years, many generous benefactors have given us objects， sharing with us their taste and passion for collecting.