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Why does the author say sarcasm and jazz have something surprisingly in common?

How do many people feel when they hear sarcastic comments?

What happens when a person consistently acts sarcastically?

What does the author say about people cutting out sarcastic comments?

What is the chief difference between a speaker's wit and sarcasm?

What do we learn about phonics in many American classrooms?

What has America been witnessing for decades?

Why does Tenette Smith think a combination of teaching methods is ineffective?

What does the author say Mississippi's success is attributed to?

What have the advances in statistics and brain imaging proved ineffective?

What would we expect an editorial board of an academic journal to exhibit in view of its important responsibilities?

What do we learn from the findings of a new study in Nature Neuroscience?

What fact does the author highlight concerning the gender differences in editors of psychology journals?

What can we infer from the conclusion drawn by the team of the new study on the basis of their findings?

What does the author suggest we do instead of simply blaming the inequality of editorial boards or tradition?

A rainbow is a multi-colored, arc-shaped phenomenon that can appear in the sky. The colors of a rainbow are produced by the reflection and 26 of light through water droplets (小滴) present in the atmosphere. An observer may 27 a rainbow to be located either near or far away, but this phenomenon is not actually located at any specific spot. Instead, the appearance of a rainbow depends entirely upon the position of the observer in 28 to the direction of light. In essence, a rainbow is an 29 illusion. Rainbows present a 30 made of seven colors in a specific order. In fact, school children in many English-speaking countries are taught to remember the name "Roy G. Biv" as an aid for remembering the colors of a rainbow and their order: "Roy G. Biv" 31 for: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. The outer edge of the rainbow arc is red, while the inner edge is violet. A rainbow is formed when light (generally sunlight) passes through water droplets 32 in the atmosphere. The light waves change direction as they pass through the water droplets, resulting in two processes: reflection and refraction. When light reflects off a water droplet, it simply 33 back in the opposite direction from where it 34 . When light refracts, it takes a different direction. Some individuals refer to refracted light as "bent light waves". A rainbow is formed because white light enters the water droplet, where it bends in several different directions. When these bent light waves reach the other side of the water droplet, they reflect back out of the droplet instead of 35 passing through the water. Since the white light is separated inside of the water, the refracted light appears as separate colors to the human eye.

Scientists recently examined studies on dog intelligence and compared them with research into the minds of other intelligent animals. The researchers found that dogs are among the more intelligent carnivores (食肉动物), social hunters and domestic animals, but that their intelligence does not 26 other intelligent animals in any of those categories. Though a significant body of research has examined dog cognition 27 , the authors of this new study found little to warrant the 28 of work that has been devoted to the topic. Stephen Lea, lead author of the new study, argues that many researchers seem to have designed their studies to 29 how clever dogs are, rather than simply to study dogs' brains. Lea and a colleague examined more than 300 studies of dog cognition, comparing the studies' results with those from research into other animals. The researchers made specific comparisons between the different species in different categories of intelligence. These comparisons 30 that dogs are intelligent, but their intelligence is not as 31 as some researchers might have believed. In many areas, though, comparisons were not possible. For example, the researchers noted that both dogs and cats are known to be able to recognize and 32 human voices. But the investigators could not find any data to indicate which species can remember a greater number of 33 human voices, so it was impossible to compare the two on that front. However, not all researchers agree 34 with the findings of this study. Zachary Silver, an American researcher, believes the authors of the new study 35 the idea that an excessive amount of research has been devoted to dogs, as the field of dog cognition is young, and there is much to be learned about how dogs think.

Our brains respond to language expressing facts differently than they do to words conveying possibility, scientists at New York University have recently found. Their work offers new insights into the impact word choice has on how we 26 between statements expressing what is real versus what is merely possible. The researchers assert their findings are important because we are presented with false information all the time. Some of this is 27 , as is the case with deceptive advertisements, but the problem is 28 by individuals who believe they are sharing correct information. Thus, it is more important than ever to separate the factual from the possible or merely 29 in fact 30 special. This is especially true as the study makes clear that information presented as factual communicates responses in our brains which are distinct from when we process the same content with clear indicators of 31 . In their new study, the scientists aimed to 32 how the brain computes possibilities as expressed by words such as "may", "might", and "if". The researchers compared brain responses to statements expressing factual 33 and those expressing possibility. There is a reason under my bed" exemplifies a factual statement. "I will stay home" is also factual. This is opposed to statements that express possibility, like "There might be a monster under my bed", or "If it rains, I will stay home". The results of the study showed that factual language 34 a rapid increase in brain activity, with the brain responding more powerfully and showing more engagement with factual phrases compared to those communicating possibility. Thus, facts rule when it comes to the brain. Brain regions involved in processing 35 rapidly distinguish facts from possibilities. Further, these regions respond in a much more robust fashion to factual statements.

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