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A modern university is a place where members of academia from various backgrounds ____ with each other. In such an environment, issues of ____ communication become more and more important due to increasing internationalization outside the English - speaking world. One of the most salient challenges of internationalization are language barriers, defined in terms of factors preventing or disrupting the flow of information between speakers. Language barriers are important as they may lead to uncertainty, anxiety and mistrust, ____ to communicate effectively, as well as misattribution, conflict, and cognitive distortion. They also pose a ____ for those in charge because language - related difficulties may ____ strategic decision - making, personnel selection as well as evaluation procedures. In the higher education context, language barriers disrupt all three primary activities of an academic: research, teaching, and service. English as a lingua franca (ELF) refers to any use of English among speakers of different first languages for whom English is the ____ medium of choice, and often the only option. English understood as academic lingua franca is used for achieving common ____ in research and education, not for the purpose of linguistic or cultural identification with a community that uses it as a national language. Undoubtedly, the ____ of academia on this language has grown enormously in the last decades, as the contemporary university is based on ____ across national borders and internationally negotiated standards. Despite the benefits of English as an academic lingua franca, many possibly negative effects of the widespread use of English at universities have been discussed, e.g., the potential disappearance of local languages, the lowering of learning standards, or the linguistic ____ in the domain of international publication where English is the dominant language.