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When bad feelings are repressed, a person can have problems dealing with everyday life.
It was very difficult to encapsulate the one-hundred-year story of the Communist Party of China in a single one-hour documentary.
In a solar eclipse, the Moon aligns with the Sun, to a greater or lesser extent.
He spoke of the necessity for a(n) reciprocal relationship that would be useful for both sides.
Personal problems experienced by students may impinge on their work.
Marital discord is, unfortunately, a common feature of modern life.
Romantic love is the predominant theme in Romeo and Juliet.
It’s hard to imagine meeting someone for the first time and not exchanging any personal information. At the very least, you offer your name and a few important facts - perhaps age, occupation, reason for joining a certain organization, or reason for attending a certain class. As friendships develop, however, the answer to the question “Who are you?” becomes more complex.
Our identities start to form when we are children and continue to grow, solidify, and even change as we mature. A person’s identity is actually made up of many different aspects, some broad and some narrow. For instance, you might identify with the broad categories of “German,” “male,” and “student” as well as the narrower ones of “violinist,” “left-handed person,” and “brother of Anna.” Our identities start to form when we are children and continue to grow, solidify, and even change as we mature. A person’s identity is actually made up of many different aspects, some broad and some narrow. For instance, you might identify with the broad categories of “German,” “male,” and “student” as well as the narrower ones of “violinist,” “left-handed person,” and “brother of Anna.”
Identity traits can be ascribed, achieved or chosen. An ascribed trait is one that you are born with; examples include your ethnicity, your birthplace, and being the child and possibly the sibling of certain people. An achieved trait is one you work for, such as being a university graduate or the employee of a certain company. An identity such as a club membership or affiliation with a political party is chosen.
However, traits are not always so easy to categorize. Is speaking your native language, for example, ascribed (because you were born into the family and country where that language was spoken), achieved (because you studied the language and became more proficient), or even chosen (if you grew up in a multilingual country, but preferred one language over another)?
Our identities are important not only because they shape our belief in who we are, but also because they impact how others treat us.
Although traits can be positive (intelligent; loyal) or negative (stubborn; criminal), people are more affected by how similar or different their traits are compared to those of other people. For example, if you are a fan of the Falcons sports team, you have something in common with other Falcons fans.
The next time you go to an event or social gathering, watch how people who are strangers at first try to find something in common with the people they meet - perhaps a shared hometown, a similar occupation or hobby, or even the same opinion about the weather that day or a current event. Finding a shared identity helps people feel comfortable and accepted. If other people share a belief or characteristic, it’s easier to believe that your feelings are correct or that your characteristics are desirable. That’s a major reason why people form groups such as citizens of Ankara or fans of Yao Ming or graduates of Springfield High School.
People don’t just define themselves as who they are, however; they also define themselves as who they are not. That is to say, they aren’t just fans of the Springfield High School basketball team; they are also not fans of the Pleasant Valley High School basketball team. A friendly rivalry between two sports teams isn’t necessarily a bad thing, but when rivalries are taken too far or tensions arise over differences about larger social issues, the consequences can be more serious.
Interestingly, groups that have a lot in common sometimes form the most intense separate identities. To someone who doesn’t use a computer at all, they might all seem very similar. However, debates over the best brands of laptop can become quite heated. People form different groups over whether they preferred a book or movie adaptation; which brand of cell phone they prefer; which leader in the same political party they support. States or cities that are near each other can be stronger rivals than those separated by greater distances. Rather than confirming the positive effects of social identity, these rivalries can make people feel insecure, threatened, angry, or even fearful.
6. Although traits can be positive (intelligent; loyal) or negative (stubborn; criminal), people are more affected by how similar or different their traits are compared to those of other people. For example, if you are a fan of the Falcons sports team, you have something in common with other Falcons fans. 7. The next time you go to an event or social gathering, watch how people who are strangers at first try to find something in common with the people they meet – perhaps a shared hometown, a similar occupation or hobby, or even the same opinion about the weather that day or a current event. Finding a shared identity helps people feel comfortable and accepted. If other people share a belief or characteristic, it's easier to believe that your feelings are correct or that your characteristics are desirable. That's a major reason why people form groups such as citizens of Ankara or fans of Yao Ming or graduates of Springfield High School. 8. People don't just define themselves as who they are, however; they also define themselves as who they are not. That is to say, they aren't just fans of the Springfield High School basketball team; they are also not fans of the Pleasant Valley High School basketball team. A friendly rivalry between two sports teams isn't necessarily a bad thing, but when rivalries are taken too far or tensions arise over differences about larger social issues, the consequences can be more serious. 9. Interestingly, groups that have a lot in common sometimes form the most intense separate identities. To someone who doesn't use a computer at all, they might all seem very similar. However, debates over the best brands of laptop can become quite heated. People form different groups over whether they preferred a book or movie adaptation; which brand of cell phone they prefer; which leader in the same political party they support. States or cities that are near each other can be stronger rivals than those separated by greater distances. Rather than confirming the positive effects of social identity, these rivalries can make people feel insecure, threatened, angry, or even fearful. 10. The challenge, then, for both leaders and all of us in society is to foster the positive effects of group membership while avoiding the negative ones.【缺少答案，请补充】
1. Cholera is a disease that is transmitted by drinking water contaminated with bacteria. It leads to diarrhea, which can result in high levels of dehydration. Today, according to the World Health Organization, around three to five million people are infected with cholera. These days the disease can be successfully be treated provided that drinking water with added salt is consumed. As a result of this cheap and effective treatment, most people survive. However, the number of people that die from cholera still exceeds 100,000 every year. 2. Around the world there have been many outbreaks of cholera that have killed millions of people. During the First Industrial Revolution, the disease started to become an even bigger killer. Transported between major towns and cities by people buying and selling goods, once the disease reached a new area, many people were quickly infected, and it caused many pandemics. A pandemic is an outbreak of a disease that rapidly leads to large numbers of people being affected. As more and more people moved to cities, the infrastructure of many places did not undergo a development process at the required rate. Sewers were not built quickly enough to take human waste away, and many major rivers and other sources of water became polluted. 3. In the early days, most people thought that cholera was spread through polluted air. Known as the miasma theory, the visible effects of heavy industry understandably led people to suspect that bad air was the cause of the pandemic. The actual cause of the spread of infectious diseases - germ theory - was not yet known. This theory, suggested by Louis Pasteur, argued that small organisms, too small to see with the human eye, grow and reproduce on people, plants, and animals. However, one local doctor, John Snow, was not convinced that the miasma theory was how cholera spread. 4. Snow felt that provided cholera was a disease transmitted through the air, then it would affect people's lungs. However, it had no impact on people's breathing. Instead, it attacked people's bowels and caused very bad diarrhea. At this time in London, people did not receive a fresh water supply to their homes. They took their drinking water from the river Thames, which was also where sewage was deposited. Essentially, people were drinking their own waste. Snow proposed that cholera was actually a disease transmitted through water rather than air. Initially, unless he could gather proof, his theory was unlikely to be accepted. 5. Snow went door to door mapping out where the main outbreaks occurred. This method led him to a young child, Frances Lewis. John discovered that the mother had washed Frances' soiled clothes in a nearby cesspool, used to store human waste. Unknown at the time, this cesspool had been leaking into the main local fresh water supply, polluting it. This simple action was the cause of the outbreak of cholera in the Broad Street area. At the same time, a local workhouse with over 500 employees was not affected. Only five people working there had died. Snow believed this was because the workhouse had its own freshwater pump that was not infected. With this and other evidence, he was able to persuade the local government to close the Broad Street pump and arguably stop the pandemic. 6. Although Snow now had significant evidence to support his theory it was still not widely accepted. Many people, including doctors, still believed the water in the Thames was fresh enough to drink. In 1858, John Snow died. Later that summer, the hot weather caused the smell of the river Thames to become so bad that politicians were nearly forced to leave the Houses of Parliament. As a result, a huge sewer system was built beneath London to give people access to clean water. However, nearly a decade later, in the last area to get access to the sewer system there was another cholera outbreak. Henry Whitehead, a researcher who worked with John Snow, used this evidence and the previous examples they had gathered to propose the theory again. Finally, the theory was accepted. John Snow's words to Henry Whitehead had come true: "You and I may not live to see the day, but my name may be forgotten when it comes, but the time will arrive when great outbreaks of cholera will be things of the past; and it is the knowledge of the way in which the disease is propagated which will cause them to disappear."【缺少答案，请补充】
Some languages die and others become widely used for a variety of reasons. Some are historical and relate to when a small number of nations and their languages spread to different parts of the world. Some languages faced discrimination and were even banned. Others were still used, but because powerful groups preferred a different language, they became less common. Once a language achieves a superior position in society, because it is either enforced through law, or has a special status in education, it makes it hard for other languages to survive. However, historically, and even today, arguably the main reason for the death of a language is commerce. 有些语言消亡，而有些语言因各种原因广泛使用。有些原因是历史性的，与少数国家及其语言传播到世界不同地区有关。有些语言遭到歧视，甚至被禁止。还有一些语言仍然使用，但由于强势群体偏好另一种语言，它们变得不那么常见。一旦一种语言在社会中取得了优越地位，无论是通过法律强制，还是在教育中具有特殊地位，它都使其他语言难以生存。然而，从历史上看，甚至直到今天，可以说语言消亡的主要原因是商业。【缺少答案，请补充】
When we think of languages taking over others in commerce, it is easy to quickly jump to the conclusion that the world has become more global. However, this process started along with urbanization as more people moved to cities in search of work and there became a need for common languages. Usually, the one that would emerge as the most common language would be the one associated with strong, often international, economies that people wanted to trade with. Historically, the strength of the British economy around the world meant more people were speaking English. More recently, the economic power of the US has continued to push the status of the English language. This has led to the rise of English as a global language. In such a situation where just a few languages come to dominate, should we worry about the survival of other languages? 当我们想到语言在商业中取代其他语言时，很容易迅速得出结论，认为世界变得更加全球化。然而，这一过程始于城市化，随着更多人为了工作搬到城市，对通用语言的需求也随之产生。通常，那种最终成为最常用语言的语言会与强大且往往是国际的经济体相关联，人们希望与这些经济体进行贸易。从历史上看，英国经济在全球的强大意味着更多的人讲英语。最近，美国的经济实力继续推动英语的地位。这导致英语作为全球语言的兴起。在少数几种语言占主导地位的情况下，我们是否应该担心其他语言的生存？
Some argue that losing a language is to lose more than simply its words, grammar, and pronunciation. With it, we lose cultural knowledge and identity. To protect the language, it needs to be given a special status within a society. If there is no need to use a language, or people have little opportunity to use it, then it will ultimately stop existing. Some languages already have so few speakers that the aim now is simply to record the languages before the last speakers die. However, for minority languages with more speakers, there is much that can be done to enable their survival. 有人认为失去一种语言不仅仅是失去其词汇、语法和发音。随之而来的是我们失去了文化知识和身份。为了保护语言，它需要在社会中获得特殊地位。如果没有使用语言的必要，或者人们几乎没有使用它的机会，那么它最终将不复存在。一些语言的使用者已经非常少，现在的目标只是记录这些语言，以免最后一批使用者去世。然而，对于使用者更多的少数语言，还有许多措施可以采取以促进其生存。【缺少答案，请补充】
Society judges right and wrong in many different ways. There are legal and ethical interpretations that are commonly used in many societies to decide between what is good and bad. Ethics and law are closely connected and there is a fine line between the two. In many ways, laws are based on people’s beliefs about what is right and wrong. However, clearly not all unethical behavior is illegal and not all legal behavior is ethical. To fully understand the difference, it is important to first define the two terms. 社会以多种不同的方式判断对错。许多社会常用法律和道德的解释来决定何为善与恶。伦理与法律密切相关，两者之间有一条细微的界限。在许多方面，法律是基于人们对对错的信念。然而，显然并非所有不道德的行为都是非法的，也并非所有合法的行为都是道德的。要完全理解其区别，首先需要对这两个术语进行定义。
The law is a set of written rules and regulations, usually created by a legal institute or their representatives, such as judges and the government. It is thought to be accepted by the whole of society and something that is recognized and maintained by powers such as the police. Laws are created to keep the social order and to maintain peace and justice. They are there to protect the general public. The law clearly defines the things a person can or cannot do. If a law is broken, a punishment is enforced. This punishment varies depending on the significance of the crime. In general, most laws are created by society’s ethical interpretations of right and wrong. However, ethics differs significantly from law. 法律是一套成文的规则和条例，通常由法律机构或其代表（如法官和政府）制定。法律被认为为整个社会所接受，并由警察等权力部门认可和维护。法律的制定是为了维持社会秩序，维护和平与正义。法律旨在保护公众。法律明确定义了个人可以或不可以做的事情。如果法律被违反，将会执行惩罚。惩罚的轻重取决于犯罪的严重性。一般来说，大多数法律由社会对是非的伦理解释而产生。然而，伦理与法律有显著区别。【缺少答案，请补充】
During the Industrial Revolution, many English speakers moved to Wales and rarely learned Welsh. As a result, living amongst two languages became normal. Between 1891 and 1961, the percentage of Welsh speakers fell from just under 50% to 26% and, by the 1960s, many considered the Welsh language to be under threat. Consequently, The Welsh Language Society was founded to protect the language. Due to its campaigning, and the actions of other groups, Welsh has re-established itself and was granted the status of an official language. Education, from nursery to college, is available in Welsh. Dedicated Welsh TV channels are also broadcast. Most importantly, the trend of decline has reversed and nearly 80% of the population now report being able to speak, read, and write in Welsh. 在工业革命期间，许多讲英语的人迁移到威尔士，并很少学习威尔士语。因此，生活在双语环境中成为常态。在1891年至1961年间，会讲威尔士语的比例从略低于50%下降到26%，到1960年代，许多人认为威尔士语正处于威胁之中。因此，威尔士语协会成立以保护语言。由于其宣传活动以及其他团体的行动，威尔士语重新建立了自身地位，并获得了官方语言的地位。从幼儿园到大学的教育都提供威尔士语课程。专门的威尔士语电视频道也在播出。最重要的是，衰退趋势已经扭转，如今近80%的人口表示能够讲、读和写威尔士语。【缺少答案，请补充】
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